Telugu script

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Telugu script (Telugu: ?????? ????, translit. Telugu lipi), an abugida from the Brahmic family of scripts, is used to write the Telugu language, a Dravidian language spoken in the South Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana as well as several other neighbouring states. The Telugu script is also widely used for writing Sanskrit texts and to some extent the Gondi language. It gained prominence during the Eastern Chalukyas also known as Vengi Chalukya era. It shares extensive similarities with the Kannada script, as it has evolved from Kadamba and Bhattiprolu scripts of the Brahmi family. Both Adikavi Pampa of Kannada and Adikavi Nannayya of Telugu hail from families native to the Vengi region.

Video Telugu script

Derivation from the Brahmi script

The Brahmi script used by Mauryan kings eventually reached the Krishna River delta and would give rise to the Bhattiprolu script found on an urn purported to contain Lord Buddha's relics. Buddhism spread to East Asia from the nearby ports of Ghantasala and Masulipatnam (ancient Maisolos of Ptolemy and Masalia of Periplus). The Bhattiprolu Brahmi script evolved to become the Telugu script by 5th century C.E.

The Muslim historian and scholar Al-Biruni referred to both the Telugu language as well as its script as "Andhri".

Maps Telugu script

Vowels

Telugu uses eighteen vowels, each of which has both an independent form and a diacritic form used with consonants to create syllables. The language makes a distinction between short and long vowels.

The independent form is used when the vowel occurs at the beginning of a word or syllable, or is a complete syllable in itself (example: a, u, o). The diacritic form is added to consonants (represented by the dotted circle) to form a consonant-vowel syllable (example: ka, kru, mo). ? does not have a diacritic form, because this vowel is already inherent in all of the consonants. The other diacritic vowels are added to consonants to change their pronunciation to that of the vowel.

Examples:

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Consonants

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Other diacritics

There are also several other diacritics used in the Telugu script. ? mutes the vowel of a consonant, so that only the consonant is pronounced. ? and ? nasalize the vowels or syllables to which they are attached. ? adds a voiceless breath after the vowel or syllable it is attached to.

Examples:

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Places of articulation

There are five classifications of passive articulations:

Ka??hya: Velar

T?lavya: Palatal

M?rdhanya: Retroflex

Dantya: Dental

?shtya: Labial

Apart from that, other places are combinations of the above five:

Dant?sthya: Labio-dental (E.g.: v)

Kantat?lavya: E.g.: Diphthong e

Kant?sthya: labial-velar (E.g.: Diphthong o)

There are three places of active articulation:

Jihv?m?lam: tongue root, for velar

Jihv?madhyam: tongue body, for palatal

Jihv?gram: tip of tongue, for cerebral and dental

Adh???a: lower lip, for labial

The attempt of articulation of consonants (Ucc?ra?a Prayatnam) is of two types,

B?hya Prayatnam: External effort

Sp???a: Plosive

?shat Sp???a: Approximant

?shat Sa?v?ta: Fricative

Abhyantara Prayatnam: Internal effort

Alpapr?nam: Unaspirated

Mah?pr?nam: Aspirated

?v?sa: Unvoiced

N?dam: Voiced

Articulation of consonants

Articulation of consonants is be logical combination of components in the two prayatnams. The below table gives a view upon articulation of consonants.

Consonant conjuncts

The Telugu script has generally regular conjuncts, with trailing consonants taking a subjoined form, often losing the tallakattu (the v-shaped headstroke). The following table shows all two-consonant and one three-consonant conjunct, but individual conjuncts may differ between fonts.

Consonant + vowel ligatures

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Numerals

NOTE: ?, ?, and ? are used also for ¹/₆₄, ²/₆₄, ³/₆₄, ¹/₁₀₂₄, etc. and ?, ?, and ? are also used for ¹/₂₅₆, ²/₂₅₆, ³/₂₅₆, ¹/₄₀₉₆, etc.

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Unicode

Telugu script was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 1991 with the release of version 1.0.

The Unicode block for Telugu is U+0C00-U+0C7F:

In contrast to a syllabic script such as katakana, where one Unicode code point represents the glyph for one syllable, Telugu combines multiple code points to generate the glyph for one syllable, using complex font rendering rules.

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iOS character crash bug

On February 12, 2018 a bug in the iOS operating system was reported that caused iOS devices to crash if a particular Telugu character was displayed. The character is a combination of the characters "?", "?", "?", "?" and The Zero-Width Non-Joiner character which looks combined like this "????". An incorrect handling of the Zero-Width Non-Joiner separator while combining the characters seems to be the cause of the Telugu bug. Apple confirmed a fix for iOS 11.3 and macOS 10.13.4.

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See also

• Telugu Braille

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References

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External links

• Ethnologue Languages of the World - Telugu
• Microsoft - Telugu Input tool
• OLAC resources in and about the Telugu language
• Omniglot - Telugu script
• Telugu to English Dictionary

Source of article : Wikipedia