Cambridge English Language Assessment is part of the University of Cambridge and has been providing English language assessments and qualifications for over 100 years. Cambridge English exams are taken by over 5 million people each year.
The organisation contributed to the development of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) and its examinations are aligned with the CEFR levels.
In 2010, Cambridge English Language Assessment and the English Language Institute Testing and Certificate Division of the University of Michigan agreed to form a not-for-profit collaboration known as CaMLA (Cambridge Michigan Language Assessments). This brings together two institutions with a long history of language assessment.
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Individual exams
English for Young Learners
The Cambridge English: Young Learners (YLE) tests are designed for young learners in primary and lower secondary education who are taking their first steps in English. The tests include tasks designed to motivate young children, such as drawing, colouring and solving puzzles.
General English and for Schools
Cambridge English: Key (KET), Cambridge English: Preliminary (PET) and Cambridge English: First (FCE) are designed for learners who need English for work, study and travel. They also help learners working towards higher level qualifications such as Cambridge English: Advanced (CAE) and Cambridge English: Proficiency (CPE).
The qualifications are offered in two versions: for adult learners and for school-aged learners in lower and upper secondary school education. Both versions lead to the same qualification. The only difference is that the topics in the 'for Schools' version are targeted at the interests and experiences of school-aged learners.
Cambridge English: Advanced (CAE) has become a natural exit level for many school learners, due to ever-growing demands for English language proficiency and is accepted around the world for higher education study, work and migration purposes. Students with a Cambridge English: Advanced (CAE) certificate gain exemption from the English components of school-leaving exams in countries such as Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Ukraine. Cambridge English: Proficiency (CPE) is also available for exceptional school learners with the ability to use English at near-native levels.
Academic and Professional English
Cambridge English: First (FCE), Cambridge English: Advanced (CAE), Cambridge English: Proficiency (CPE) and IELTS are all commonly used as proof of English language proficiency for academic study, migration, professional registration and employment.
Business English
Cambridge English: Business Certificates (BEC) and BULATS are assessments set in a business context that test use of English in practical, everyday situations.
Diagnostics tests
Cambridge English Placement Test and Cambridge English Placement Test for Young Learners are used to place learners on the right courses, in the right classes or enter them for the right exams.
Teaching qualifications
Discontinued exams
- Cambridge English: Financial (ICFE) discontinued in December 2016
- Cambridge English: Legal (ILEC) discontinued in December 2016.
- CELS (Certificates in English Language Skills): modular qualifications for English language learners.
- DTE(E)LLS (Diploma in Teaching English (ESOL) in the Lifelong Learning Sector) and ADTE(E)LLS (Additional Diploma in Teaching English (ESOL) in the Lifelong Learning Sector): these qualifications for English language teachers in the UK were discontinued in September 2012. CELTA is a recommended alternative for those wanting an English teaching qualification for teaching in the UK.
- IDLTM (International Diploma in Language Teaching Management) discontinued in June 2016.
- PTLLS (Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector): discontinued in November 2012.
- Young Learner (YL) Extension to CELTA discontinued in December 2016.
- TKT: KAL and TKT: Practical discontinued in December 2016.
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CaMLA
Cambridge Michigan Language Assessments (CaMLA) was established in 2010 by Cambridge English Language Assessment and the English Language Institute Testing and Certificate Division of the University of Michigan - two organizations with a long history in English language assessment. The organizations have a number of other similarities: both university-based, not-for-profit exam boards, with a mission to support research and learning.
CaMLA was created as a joint venture to develop the Michigan tests and services, originally established by the English Language Institute (ELI) of the University of Michigan. It is building on 70 years of research and development at Michigan in language teaching, learning, assessment, applied linguistics and teacher education throughout the world.
Alignment with the Common European Framework of Reference for Language (CEFR)
The CEFR is a series of descriptions of abilities which can be applied to any language. The descriptors are used to help define language proficiency levels and to interpret language qualifications. The CEFR has become accepted as a way of benchmarking language ability not only within Europe but worldwide.
Cambridge English Language Assessment was involved in the early development of the Common European Framework for Reference for Languages (CEFR) and all of Cambridge English examinations are aligned with the levels described by the CEFR.
Cambridge English's suite of level-based exams target particular levels of the CEFR and candidates are encouraged to take the exam most suitable to their needs and level of ability. However, while each level-based exam focuses on a particular CEFR level, the exam also contains test material at the adjacent levels (e.g. Cambridge English: First (FCE) is aimed at B2, but there are also test items that cover B1 and C1). This allows for inferences to be drawn about candidates' abilities if they are a level below or above the one targeted.
A1 is the level of those first beginning to learn a language. Some awards are mapped onto this level, including Cambridge English: Young Learners (YLE), and Entry 1 in Certificates in ESOL Skills for Life. However, candidates would receive 1.0 for IELTS, or 0 for BULATS, if they left the testing papers blank. Thus scores of 1.0 for IELTS, or 0 for BULATS, should not be treated as an 'award' at A1 level.
As it became increasingly important to verify claims of alignment to the CEFR, Cambridge English Language Assessment contributed to the authoring and piloting of the Council of Europe's Manual for Relating Language Examinations to the CEFR. The Manual's linking process is based on three sets of procedures: specification, standardisation, and empirical validation. These alignment procedures are embedded within the test development and validation cycle of all Cambridge English exams.
Research
As a department of the University of Cambridge, Cambridge English Language Assessment shares the university's mission to undertake "research at the highest international levels of excellence." The Cambridge English EFL Evaluation Unit was established in 1989 and was the first dedicated research unit of its kind. This unit is now called the Research and Validation Group and is the largest dedicated research team of any English language assessment body.
The Research and Validation Group carries out research on issues of comparability, validity and reliability. Research is published in the Studies in Language Testing (SiLT) series.
It contributed to the original development of the Council of Europe's Common European Framework of References for Languages (CEFR) and continues to support the development of the CEFR through new projects. This includes:
- The English Profile project which is developing practical descriptions of how learners can be expected to use English at each of the six levels of the CEFR.
- The European Commission SurveyLang project, which supported the development of language learning policies across Europe.
Awards
Cambridge English Language Assessment has been awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise in the 'international trade' category.
History of qualification development
Cambridge University's examination board (UCLES)
The first Cambridge English exam was produced in 1913 by UCLES (University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate).
UCLES had been set up in 1858 to provide exams to students who were not members of a university. There was a growing concern in Britain with standards of school education and the transition from secondary to tertiary-level education. A number of schools "petitioned the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge [to provide] means of comparing achievements of pupils across schools."
The secondary education sector was still voluntary in nature. Without support from the state, it was logical to seek help from universities that were long established and widely admired. The University of Oxford and University of Cambridge, in particular, were "regarded as viable sources of supervision."
UCLES was invited to set exams and inspect schools with the aim of raising educational standards. The University of Oxford also created its own examination board: the University of Oxford Delegacy of Local Examinations (UODLE). UODLE and its partner, the Association of Recognised English Language Schools, merged with UCLES in 1995.
The first UCLES examinations took place on 14 December 1858. The exams were designed to test for university selection and were taken by 370 candidates in British schools, churches and village halls. Candidates were required to 'satisfy the examiners' in the analysis and parsing of a Shakespeare text; reading aloud; dictation; and composition (on either the recently deceased Duke of Wellington; a well-known book; or a letter of application).
Female candidates were accepted by UCLES on a trial basis in 1864 and on a permanent basis from 1867. Cambridge University itself did not examine female students until 1882 and it was not until 1948 that women were allowed to graduate as full members of the university.
In the mid to late 19th century, UCLES exams were taken by candidates based overseas - in Trinidad (from 1863), South Africa (from 1869), Guyana and New Zealand (from 1874), Jamaica (from 1882) and Malaya (from 1891). Many of these candidates were children of officers of the British colonial service and exams were not yet designed for non-native speakers of English.
The first Cambridge English exam
In 1913 UCLES created the first exam for non-native speakers of English - the Certificate of Proficiency in English (CPE). This may have been prompted by the development of English exams 'for foreigners' by other universities.
CPE was originally a qualification for teachers: 'the Certificate of Proficiency in English is designed for Foreign Students who desire satisfactory proof of their knowledge of the language with a view to teaching it in foreign schools.' The exam was only available for candidates aged 20 or over.
In 1913 the exam could be taken in Cambridge or London, for a fee of £3 (approximately £293 in 2012 prices). The exam lasted 12 hours and included:
- Translation from English into French or German: 2 hours
- Translation from French or German into English, and English Grammar: 2.5 hours
- English Essay: 2 hours
- English Literature: 3 hours
- English Phonetics: 1.5 hours
- Oral test: dictation (30 minutes); reading aloud and conversation (30 minutes)
The main influence behind the design of the exam was the grammar-translation teaching approach, which aims to establish reading knowledge (rather than ability to communicate in the language). In 1913, the first requirement for CPE candidates was to translate texts. Translation remained prominent in foreign language teaching up until the 1960s. It was a core part of CPE until 1975, and an optional part until 1989.
However, CPE was also influenced by Henry Sweet and his book published in 1900: A Practical Study of Languages: A Guide for Teachers and Learners, which argued that 'the most natural method of teaching languages was through conversation.' Due to this influence, speaking was part of Cambridge English exams from the very beginning.
Exam questions in 1913
Candidates were required to translate from English into French/German, and translate from French/German into English. Here is a short segment from one of the passages candidates were asked to translate from English into German:
- The sentiments which animated Schiller's poetry were converted into principles of conduct; his actions were as blameless as his writings were pure. With his simple and high predilections, with his strong devotedness to a noble cause, he contrived to steer through life, unsullied by its meanness, unsubdued by any of its difficulties or allurements ...
In the English Essay paper, candidates were asked to write an essay for two hours, on one of the following subjects: the effect of political movements upon nineteenth century literature in England; English Pre-Raphaelitism; Elizabethan travel and discovery; the Indian Mutiny; the development of local self-government; or Matthew Arnold. The exam board provided little or no formal structure. Concepts such as audience and purpose, and the length of the essay, were left for the candidate to decide.
The questions in the English Literature section were borrowed from the University's Language and Literature matriculation exams for native speakers and included questions on Shakespeare's Coriolanus and Milton's Paradise Lost. Here is an example question: explain fully and comment on the following passages, stating the connexions in which they occur and any difficulties of reading, phraseology or allusion: "Wert thou the Hector, That was the whip of your bragg'd progency, Thou should'st not 'scrape me here." It was not until 1930 that a Literature paper was designed specifically for CPE candidates.
The grammar section contained questions about grammar and lexis, e.g. give the past tense and past participle of each of the following verbs, dividing them into strong and weak ..., and questions about grammar and lexis usage, e.g. embody each of the following words into a sentence in such a way as to show that you clearly apprehend its meaning: commence, comment, commend ... At the time, this mirrored the approach to learning grammar in Latin and Greek (as well as modern languages).
Finally, a Phonetics paper was included as it was thought to be useful in the teaching of pronunciation. The paper required candidates to make phonetic transcriptions of long pieces of continuous text; describe the articulation of particular sounds; explain phonetic terms, and suggest ways of teaching certain sounds. Here are two example questions: explain the terms: "glide", "narrow vowel", "semi-vowel" and give two examples of each in both phonetic and ordinary spelling and how would you teach a pupil the correct pronunciation of the vowel sounds in: fare, fate, fat, fall, far?
Revisions to the 1913 exam
The 1913 CPE exam was taken by just three candidates. The candidates "were able to converse fluently, expressing themselves on the whole, with remarkable ease and accuracy." However, all three candidates failed the exam and none of them were awarded a CPE certificate.
In its second year (1914), CPE gained in popularity, with 18 candidates and four passing. However, for the next 15 years candidature remained static. Italian and Spanish were added as languages for the translation paper in 1926. However, CPE still 'teetered along with 14 or 15 candidates a year.' In 1928, CPE had only 14 candidates and by 1929 it was in danger of being discontinued.
Jack Roach, Assistant Secretary to the Syndicate from 1925 to 1945, decided to "save it from the scrapheap" and introduced a number of changes. The Phonetics paper was dropped and the essay questions became more a test of writing proficiency rather than a test of knowledge about British culture. Questions such as "The best month of the year" were preferred to the more culture-bound topics set in 1913, such as "Elizabethan travel and discovery."
The target candidature was broadened beyond teachers, to "all foreign students who desire to obtain evidence of their practical knowledge of the languages, both written and spoken, as of their ability to read with comprehension standard works of English literature."
In 1932 it was decided to establish overseas exam centres. The first overseas centres were set up in Hamburg, Paris and San Remo (1933), followed by further centres in Italy (Rome and Naples), the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland. Latin America also became an exam area in the 1930s, with centres in Argentina and Uruguay.
In 1935 CPE started providing alternatives to the Literature paper, with an Economic and Commercial Knowledge paper - an early forerunner of English for Specific Purposes.
Then, in 1937-38, the University of Cambridge and University of Oxford decided to accept CPE as representing the standard in English required of all students, British or foreign, before entrance to their university. To this day, CPE still serves as a qualification for entry to higher education. Following these changes CPE candidate numbers instantly began to rise, reaching 752 by the outbreak of World War II.
World War II
From 1939 onwards, thousands of refugees from the Spanish Civil War and occupied Europe started arriving in the UK and began taking UCLES exams while stationed in the UK.
UCLES launched the Lower Certificate in English (LCE) to meet the demand for certification at a lower level than CPE. A Preliminary exam, at a lower level than LCE, was also offered from 1944 as a special test to meet the contingencies of war. These were the first steps towards developing a language assessment 'level' system.
Polish servicemen and women made up a large proportion of the candidature. In 1943, over a third of all LCE Certificates were awarded to candidates from the Polish army and air force. This pattern continued throughout the war and into the post-war period. On one single day in 1948, no fewer than 2,500 Polish men and women of the Polish Resettlement Corps took the LCE.
UCLES tests were made available for prisoners of war in Britain and in Germany. In Britain 1,500 prisoners of war took the exams, almost 900 of them Italians. In Germany, the War Organisation of the British Red Cross and Order of St John of Jerusalem made arrangements for UCLES examinations to be offered at prisoner-of-war camps with many Indian prisoners of war, in particular, taking LCE or School Certificate exams.
Examiners were asked to report on "disturbance, loss of sleep, etc., caused by air raids, and on any exceptional difficulties ... during the examination period." One report noted that the candidates had been spending "most of each day in the air-raid shelter"; that candidate 5224, a probationer nurse, had been showing strain caused by helping with "rescue work"; and that the house of candidate 5222 had been bombed, whilst she was at school, with fatalities. Such were the circumstances of wartime exam takers and administrators.
Exams were also maintained clandestinely in continental European exam centres, which frequently meant unusual measures, including acts of determination and courage. However, UCLES was unable to fund and support the growing international network of English language examination centres around the world. Meanwhile, the British Council had a brief to disseminate British culture and educational links. In March 1941 a formal 'Joint Agreement' was signed between the two organisations to collaborate on the distribution of UCLES exams around the world. This started a long-lasting relationship, which continues to this day.
Post-war
By 1947, there were over 6,000 UCLES candidates, with LCE double the size of CPE. Exam centres had been set up in Europe (17), Latin America (9), the Middle East (8), Africa (4) and the USA (1). Candidate numbers continued to grow, reaching over 20,000 by 1955, 44,000 by 1965, and over 66,000 by 1975.
However, by the 1970s demand was growing for exams at more clearly defined levels of proficiency. This set the scene for the Council of Europe and the development of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), which was initiated in 1971.
Qualification developments - the level system
UCLES had a few attempts at developing a level system. During the Second World War, there was a three-level system: the Preliminary English Test, LCE and CPE. After the war, a new three-level system was introduced: LCE, CPE and DES (The Diploma of English Studies). However, as an extremely advanced exam, DES candidature never rose beyond a few hundred and was later discontinued. In the 1980s and 1990s the levels stabilised and the suite of exams we recognise today became established.
First, UCLES explored the viability of an exam below LCE (renamed as First Certificate in English). The Preliminary English Test (PET) (re)appeared in 1980 under close monitoring, and as a fully-fledged exam in the 1990s.
UCLES then explored the viability of an exam at a level between FCE and CPE and the Certificate in Advanced English (CAE) was formally launched in 1991.
Finally, in 1994, UCLES launched the Key English Test (KET). This five-level system characterises Cambridge English's General English exams to the present day and laid the foundations for the levels in the CEFR.
- Level 1: Cambridge English: Key (KET) (CEFR level A2: waystage)
- Level 2: Cambridge English: Preliminary (PET) (CEFR level B1: threshold)
- Level 3: Cambridge English: First (FCE) (CEFR level B2: vantage)
- Level 4: Cambridge English: Advanced (CAE) (CEFR level C1: operational proficiency)
- Level 5: Cambridge English: Proficiency (CPE) (CEFR level C2: mastery)
During this period there were also substantial revisions to the existing exams: FCE and CPE. These revisions included improved authenticity of texts and tasks; increased weight on Listening and Speaking; a balance between grammar and vocabulary items in the Reading paper; and a broader range of texts in the Composition and Use of English papers, (e.g. letter-writing, dialogues, speeches, note-taking, and discursive and descriptive compositions).
With increased weight on Listening and Speaking, UCLES joined forces with the BBC. However, in the BBC recording booths, there was tension between the BBC's approach, which focused on dramatic potential, and UCLES' need for clarity of speech. For example, a man abseiling down a mountain was highly entertaining but unacceptable for test purposes. It was finally agreed that at least 35% of listening tests would comprise an original BBC recording, largely made up of programmes from World Service and Woman's Hour broadcasts.
IELTS
With learners increasingly requiring English language certification for their studies, UCLES, along with the British Council and the Australian International Development Programme (IDP), developed a test in the 1980s which focused specifically on English for academic purposes, as does the American TOEFL.
An English Language Testing Service (ELTS) test was first launched in 1980 with tasks based on language use in academic and occupational contexts in the 'real world'. However, the ELTS test was very complex to administer and only two full versions were ever produced. In 1989, a simplified and shortened test became operational under a new name: the International English Language Testing System (IELTS).
It was clear that different forms of the test would need to be equated. All IELTS materials were therefore pretested and calibrated to a common scale on the basis of the Rasch model. This was the first time that UCLES had used the Rasch model, which now forms the cornerstone of the level testing system.
RSA and teaching qualifications
In 1988, the EFL exams developed by The Royal Society of Arts (RSA) Examination Board were merged with those of UCLES. The RSA Examination Board had been established in 1754, long before UCLES, and by taking over the RSA TEFL schemes UCLES became responsible for "the running of the world's most respected and widely recognised schemes for validating training courses for teachers of English as a Foreign Language."
The two sets of qualifications were integrated and syllabuses for the revised qualifications were developed in consultation with the ESL sector, in order to re-integrate the ESL and EFL teacher communities. In 1999 the RSA Certificate in Teaching English as a Foreign Language to Adults (CTEFLA) and the RSA Diploma in Teaching English as a Foreign Language to Adults officially became known as the CELTA and Delta qualifications. These qualifications were joined in 2004 by ICELT (a revised version of its predecessor, COTE) - which is a purely in-service professional qualification.
At the start of the 21st century there was growing demand from government ministries and schools for a professional qualification without any in-service (teaching practice) component. This led to the introduction of the Teaching Knowledge Test (TKT), which focuses solely on core professional knowledge. Following consultations with worldwide teacher training institutions and trials with 1,500 English language teachers in Europe, Latin America and Asia, TKT went live in 2005. In the first six months thousands of candidates sat the test in 36 different countries. It was also incorporated into government plans, e.g. plans in Chile to retrain all in-service teachers, and was incorporated into state university teacher training programmes.
China and business English
The early 1990s saw China developing its market economy very rapidly. Recognising the importance of English as a language of international business and trade, the Chinese government asked UCLES to develop a suite of Business English Certificates (BEC).
BEC 1 examinations were first taken in 1993 by 5,000 candidates from seven cities across China, with BEC 2 launched in 1994 and BEC 3 in 1996. BEC was followed in 1997 by the launch of the Business Language Testing Service (BULATS) for companies.
Young learners
In the 1990s, there was growing demand from UCLES centres in the Far East, Latin America and Europe for assessment designed specifically for younger learners. At the time, relatively little research had been carried out into the assessment of second language learning in children.
UCLES worked with Homerton College (a teacher training college, now a college within the University of Cambridge) to trial test questions with over 3,000 children in Europe, South America and South East Asia. The feedback was used to construct the first Young Learners English (YLE) tests, targeted at learners aged 7-12, which went live in 1997.
The YLE tests introduced a new level: 'breakthrough' level. 'Breakthrough' became the new first level, with 'waystage' now the second level. The addition of the 'breakthrough' level created a six-level system that was mirrored by the CEFR, published in 2001.
Candidates
By the start of the 21st century, most of the Cambridge exam suite, which we recognise today, was established. This set the scene for massive growth in candidates.
In 1988, with just two established exams (FCE and CPE), exam candidature was around 180,000. By 2002, with a more comprehensive range of exams, the exam candidature was over 1 million; by 2007, it was over 2 million, by 2013, it was over 4 million; and by 2014, in was over 5 million.
The Cambridge English Scale
In January 2015, a new way of reporting results was introduced - the Cambridge English Scale. The scale aims to provide exam users with more information about their exam performance.
Candidates get more detailed results - receiving an overall score and a score for each skill / paper. In addition, the Cambridge English Scale makes it easier to see progression and compare performance across different Cambridge English exams.
Cambridge English: First, Advanced and Proficiency have reported results on the Cambridge English Scale since January 2015. Cambridge English: Key and Key for Schools, Preliminary and Preliminary for Schools and Business Certificates have reported results on the scale since February 2016.
Timeline 1209-2013
- 1209 - University of Cambridge founded
- 1534 - Cambridge University Press founded
- 1858 - University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES) founded
- 1913 - Certificate of Proficiency in English (CPE) introduced: taken by three candidates
- 1939 - Lower Certificate in English (LCE) introduced (renamed First Certificate in English (FCE) in 1975)
- 1941 - Joint agreement with the British Council - British Council centres established
- 1943-47 - Preliminary English Test (PET) introduced (reintroduced in 1980)
- 1971 - Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) initiated
- 1988 - The Royal Society of Arts (RSA) Examination Board becomes part of UCLES
- 1989 - Specialist EFL research and evaluation unit established
- 1989 - IELTS launched (a simplified and shortened version of ELTS which had been launched in 1980)
- 1990 - Association of Language Testers in Europe (ALTE) founded
- 1991 - Certificate in Advanced English (CAE) introduced
- 1993 - Business English Certificates (BEC) launched
- 1994 - Key English Test (KET) introduced
- 1995 - University of Oxford Delegacy of Local Examinations (UODLE) becomes part of UCLES
- 1997 - Young Learner English Tests (YLE) introduced
- 2001 - CEFR published
- 2002 - UCLES EFL renamed University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations (Cambridge ESOL)
- 2002 - One million Cambridge ESOL exam candidates
- 2010 - CaMLA established (Cambridge Michigan Language Assessments)
- 2013 - Cambridge ESOL renamed Cambridge English Language Assessment
- 2013 - Four million Cambridge English exam candidates
- 2014 - Five million Cambridge English exam candidates.
- 2015 - Cambridge English Scale introduced.
See also
- CaMLA
- IELTS, International English Language Testing System
- Studies in Language Testing (SiLT)
- Teaching English as a Foreign Language
References
External links
- Cambridge English Language Assessment Website
- Cambridge English Candidate Support Site
- Cambridge English Teacher Support Site
- Studies in Language Testing (SiLT)
- Admissions Testing Service (ATS)
- SurveyLang
- English Profile
Source of article : Wikipedia
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